Isaac barrow quotes

Isaac Barrow

English Christian theologian, and mathematician

This article is about the mathematician. For his uncle, the bishop, see Isaac Barrow (bishop).

Isaac Barrow (October – 4 May ) was an English Christian theologian and mathematician who is generally given credit for his early role in the development of infinitesimal calculus; in particular, for proof of the fundamental theorem of calculus.^[1] His work centered on the properties of the tangent; Barrow was the first to calculate the tangents of the kappa curve.

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He is also notable for being the inaugural holder of the prestigious Lucasian Professorship of Mathematics, a post later held by his student, Isaac Newton.

Life

Early life and education

Barrow was born in London. He was the son of Thomas Barrow, a linen draper by trade.

In , Thomas married Ann, daughter of William Buggin of North Cray, Kent and their son Isaac was born in It appears that Barrow was the only child of this union—certainly the only child to survive infancy. Ann died around , and the widowed father sent the lad to his grandfather, Isaac, the Cambridgeshire J.P., who resided at Spinney Abbey.^[2] Within two years, however, Thomas remarried; the new wife was Katherine Oxinden, sister of Henry Oxinden of Maydekin, Kent.

From this marriage, he had at least one daughter, Elizabeth (born ), and a son, Thomas, who apprenticed to Edward Miller, skinner, and won his release in , emigrating to Barbados in ^[3]

Early career

Isaac went to school first at Charterhouse (where he was so turbulent and pugnacious that his father was heard to pray that if it pleased God to take any of his children he could best spare Isaac), and subsequently to Felsted School, where he settled and learned under the brilliant puritan Headmaster Martin Holbeach who ten years previously had educated John Wallis.^[4] Having learnt Greek, Hebrew, Latin and logic at Felsted, in preparation for university studies,^[5] he continued his education at Trinity College, Cambridge; he enrolled there because of an offer of support from an unspecified member of the Walpole family, "an offer that was perhaps prompted by the Walpoles' sympathy for Barrow's adherence to the Royalist cause."^[6] His uncle and namesake Isaac Barrow, afterwards Bishop of St Asaph, was a Fellow of Peterhouse.

He took to hard study, distinguishing himself in classics and mathematics; after taking his degree in , he was elected to a fellowship in ^[7] Barrow received an MA from Cambridge in as a student of James Duport; he then resided for a few years in college, and became candidate for the Greek Professorship at Cambridge, but in having refused to sign the Engagement to uphold the Commonwealth, he obtained travel grants to go abroad.^[8]

Travel

He spent the next four years traveling across France, Italy, and Turkey.

In Turkey he lived in Izmir and studied in Istanbul (then called Smyrna and Constantinople), and after many adventures returned to England in He was known for his courageousness. Particularly noted is the occasion of his having saved the ship he was upon, by the merits of his own prowess, from capture by pirates. He is described as "low in stature, lean, and of a pale complexion," slovenly in his dress, and having a committed and long-standing habit of tobacco use (an inveterate smoker).

In respect to his courtly activities his aptitude to wit earned him favour with Charles II, and the respect of his fellow courtiers. In his writings one might find accordingly, a sustained and somewhat stately eloquence. He was an altogether impressive personage of the time, having lived a blameless life in which he exercised his conduct with due care and conscientiousness.^[9]

Later career

Work

On the Restoration in , he was ordained and appointed to the Regius Professorship of Greek at the University of Cambridge.

In , he was made professor of geometry at Gresham College, and in was selected as the first occupier of the Lucasian chair at Cambridge. During his tenure of this chair he published two mathematical works of great learning and elegance, the first on geometry and the second on optics. In he resigned his professorship in favour of Isaac Newton.^[10] About this time, Barrow composed his Expositions of the Creed, The Lord's Prayer, Decalogue, and Sacraments.

For the remainder of his life he devoted himself to the study of divinity. He was made a Doctor of Divinity by Royal mandate in , and two years later Master of Trinity College (), where he founded the library, and held the post until his death.

His earliest work was a complete edition of the Elements of Euclid, which he issued in Latin in , and in English in ; in he published an edition of the Data.

Isaac barrow biography However he died and was buried a few days later at Westminster Abbey. Barrow was known for his generosity and modesty. These contributions greatly influenced geometrical optics and remain relevant today. Inspired by the writings of Bacon, Descartes, and Galileo, Barrow immersed himself in ancient languages, theology, and natural philosophy.

His lectures, delivered in , , and , were published in under the title Lectiones Mathematicae; these are mostly on the metaphysical basis for mathematical truths. His lectures for were published in the same year, and suggest the analysis by which Archimedes was led to his chief results. In he issued his Lectiones Opticae et Geometricae.

It is said in the preface that Newton revised and corrected these lectures, adding matter of his own, but it seems probable from Newton's remarks in the fluxional controversy that the additions were confined to the parts which dealt with optics. This, which is his most important work in mathematics, was republished with a few minor alterations in In he published an edition with numerous comments of the first four books of the On Conic Sections of Apollonius of Perga, and of the extant works of Archimedes and Theodosius of Bithynia.

In the optical lectures many problems connected with the reflection and refraction of light are treated with ingenuity. The geometrical focus of a point seen by reflection or refraction is defined; and it is explained that the image of an object is the locus of the geometrical foci of every point on it. Barrow also worked out a few of the easier properties of thin lenses, and considerably simplified the Cartesian explanation of the rainbow.

Barrow was the first to find the integral of the secant function in closed form, thereby proving a conjecture that was well-known at the time.

Death and legacy

Barrow died unmarried in London at the early age of 46, and was buried at Westminster Abbey. John Aubrey, in the Brief Lives, attributes his death to an opium addiction acquired during his residence in Turkey.

Besides the works above mentioned, he wrote other important treatises on mathematics, but in literature his place is chiefly supported by his sermons,^[11] which are masterpieces of argumentative eloquence, while his Treatise on the Pope's Supremacy is regarded as one of the most perfect specimens of controversy in existence.

Barrow's character as a man was in all respects worthy of his great talents, though he had a strong vein of eccentricity.

Calculating tangents

The geometrical lectures contain some new ways of determining the areas and tangents of curves. The most celebrated of these is the method given for the determination of tangents to curves, and this is sufficiently important to require a detailed notice, because it illustrates the way in which Barrow, Hudde and Sluze were working on the lines suggested by Fermat towards the methods of the differential calculus.

Fermat had observed that the tangent at a point P on a curve was determined if one other point besides P on it were known; hence, if the length of the subtangent MT could be found (thus determining the point T), then the line TP would be the required tangent. Now Barrow remarked that if the abscissa and ordinate at a point Q adjacent to P were drawn, he got a small trianglePQR (which he called the differential triangle, because its sides QR and RP were the differences of the abscissae and ordinates of P and Q), so that K

TM&#;: MP = QR&#;: RP.

To find QR&#;: RP he supposed that x, y were the co-ordinates of P, and x − e, y − a those of Q (Barrow actually used p for x and m for y, but this article uses the standard modern notation).

Substituting the co-ordinates of Q in the equation of the curve, and neglecting the squares and higher powers of e and a as compared with their first powers, he obtained e&#;: a. The ratioa/e was subsequently (in accordance with a suggestion made by Sluze) termed the angular coefficient of the tangent at the point.

Barrow applied this method to the curves

x² (x² + y²) = r²y², the kappa curve;
x³ + y³ = r³;
x³ + y³ = rxy, called la galande;
y = (r − x) tan πx/2r, the quadratrix; and
y = r tan πx/2r.

It will be sufficient here to take as an illustration the simpler case of the parabola y² = px.

Using the notation given above, we have for the point P, y² = px; and for the point Q:

(y − a)² = p(x − e).

Subtracting we get

2ay − a² = pe.

But, if a be an infinitesimal quantity, a² must be infinitely smaller and therefore may be neglected when compared with the quantities 2ay and pe.

Isaac barrow biography death His logical mind at once detected the weak points in the papal arguments, while his nervous, lucid style set off his knowledge and his reasoning to the best advantage. Barrow was an obvious choice for this position and he relinquished the Greek chair for the mathematics because, he explained, of his greater interest in mathematics than Greek, because less work was involved, and that it had always been his intention to hold the Greek chair temporarily. Second Kazakhstan Interuniv. But it must be remembered that Barrow was at this time only twenty-four years of age—a very young man to be placed in such a post—and that, great as his classical reputation was, he was still more highly thought of as a mathematician.

Hence

2ay = pe, that is, e&#;: a = 2y&#;: p.

Therefore,

TM&#;: y = e&#;: a = 2y&#;: p.

Hence

TM = 2y²/p = 2x.

This is exactly the procedure of the differential calculus, except that there we have a rule by which we can get the ratio a/e or dy/dx directly without the labour of going through a calculation similar to the above for every separate case.

Publications

Epitome Fidei et Religionis Turcicae ()
"De Religione Turcica anno " (poem)
Euclidis Elementorum () [in Latin] Euclide's Elements () [in English] translations of Euclid's Elements
Lectiones Opticae ()
Lectiones Geometricae (), translated as Geometrical Lectures () by Edmund Stone, later translated as The Geometrical Lectures of Isaac Barrow () by James M.

Child ^[12]
Apollonii Conica () translation of Conics
Archimedis Opera () translation of Archimedes’s works
Theodosii Sphaerica () translation of Theodosius' Spherics
A Treatise on the Pope's Supremacy, to which is Added a Discourse Concerning the Unity of the Church () ( edition)
Lectiones Mathematicae () translated as The Usefulness of Mathematical Learning () by John Kirkby
Of Contentment, Patience, and Resignation to the Will of God ()
The works of the learned Isaac Barrow, D.D. () Vol.

1, Vol. 2–3
The Works of Dr. Isaac Barrow (), Vol. 1, Vol. 2, Vol. 3, Vol. 4, Vol. 5, Vol. 6, Vol. 7 [sermons and theological essays]

References

^Child, James Mark; Barrow, Isaac (). The Geometrical Lectures of Isaac Barrow. Chicago: Open Court Publishing Company.
^'The Abbey Scientists' Hall, A.R.

p London; Roger & Robert Nicholson;
^Cheesman, Francis (). Isaac Newton's Teacher (first&#;ed.). Victoria, BC, Canada: Trafford Publishing. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
^Craze, M. R. ().
Isaac barrow His father, who was at Oxford with the king when Barrow went to Cambridge, lost all in the royal cause. In the later lectures he covered such topics as divisibility, congruence, equality, time and space. His reception by the English ambassador at Constantinople, Sir Thomas Bendish, was equally cordial; and he also began there an intimate friendship with Sir Jonathan Dawes. Dupont showed in him.
A History of Felsted School, –. Cowell.
^O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. "gap-system". School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews. Archived from the original on 26 December Retrieved 1 February
^Feingold, Mordechai (). Before Newton: The Life and Times of Isaac Barrow.

Cambridge University Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
^"Barrow, Isaac (BRWI)".
Isaac barrow biography youtube: In Barrow was elected scholar of Trinity, though he refused to subscribe the covenant; and, in spite of his royalist opinions, he contrived to win the favour of the college authorities. He was also invited to take charge of the Cottonian Library, but, having tried the post for a while, he preferred to settle in Cambridge, and therefore declined it. After his stay in Smyrna he went to Constantinople where he remained a year and a half with the English Ambassador. Grosart, D.
A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
^Manuel, Frank E. (). A Portrait of Isaac Newton. Belknap Press, MA. p.&#;
^D.R. Wilkins – Trinity College, DublinSchool of Mathematics. Retrieved 1 February
^For a summary of the Barrow–Newton relationship, see Gjersten, Derek ().

The Newton Handbook. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp.&#;54–
^Isaac Barrow, John Tillotson, Abraham Hill – The works of the learned Isaac Barrow Printed by J. Heptinstall, for Brabazon Aylmer, Published by DR JOHN TILLOTSON THE LORD ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY {&} Isaac Barrow – The theological works of Isaac Barrow, Volume 1 The University Press, {&} Isaac Barrow, Thomas Smart Hughes – The Works of Dr.

Isaac Barrow: With Some Account of His Life, Summary of Each Discourse, Notes, &c ()- Fourth VolumeA.J. Valpy. Retrieved 1 February
^Dresden, Arnold (). "Review: The Geometrical Lectures of Isaac Barrow, translated, with notes and proofs, by James Mark Child"(PDF). Bull. Amer. Math.
Isaac barrow biography wikipedia Read Edit View history. His lectures, delivered in , , and , were published in under the title Lectiones Mathematicae ; these are mostly on the metaphysical basis for mathematical truths. Here Isaac made rapid progress, both in developing his character and in learning. With such a paucity of materials, it is no wonder that inaccuracies have crept into many of the biographical notices of Barrow.
Soc. 24 (9): – doi/s Archived(PDF) from the original on 27 April